PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
4CL

4CL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family 4CL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 774 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Hordeum vulgare
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum turgidum
Prunus domestica
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 25907 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 25910 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 25914 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
alstonia_scholaris_tjs35171 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs35171
AcruScioBoG_102831_HRSCAF_1030440000070.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102831_HRSCAF_1030440000070.1
AcruScioBoG_102833_HRSCAF_1030520009590.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102833_HRSCAF_1030520009590.1
AcruScioBoG_102834_HRSCAF_1030550015520.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102834_HRSCAF_1030550015520.1
AcruScioBoG_102835_HRSCAF_1030590025550.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102835_HRSCAF_1030590025550.1
AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720028210.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720028210.1
AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720030090.2 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720030090.2
AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720030480.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720030480.1
AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720030490.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720030490.1
AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720030560.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102836_HRSCAF_1030720030560.1
AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740032130.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740032130.1
AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740034640.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740034640.1
AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740035430.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740035430.1
AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740035430.2 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740035430.2
AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740035430.5 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740035430.5
AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740038230.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740038230.1
AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740038740.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102837_HRSCAF_1030740038740.1
AcruScioBoG_102838_HRSCAF_1030810042490.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102838_HRSCAF_1030810042490.1
AcruScioBoG_102838_HRSCAF_1030810044680.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102838_HRSCAF_1030810044680.1
AcruScioBoG_102839_HRSCAF_1030930051310.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102839_HRSCAF_1030930051310.1
AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140065820.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140065820.1
AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140065820.2 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140065820.2
AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140065820.3 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140065820.3
AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140065820.4 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140065820.4
AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140070710.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102841_HRSCAF_1031140070710.1
AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480077510.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480077510.1
AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480079050.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480079050.1
AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480082520.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480082520.1
AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480082520.2 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480082520.2
AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480082520.3 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_12795_HRSCAF_128480082520.3