PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Aalbaalba5_s000000660000710.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000000660000710.1
Aalbaalba5_s000007100006640.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000007100006640.1
Aalbaalba5_s000009110008690.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000009110008690.1
Aalbaalba5_s000016540014720.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000016540014720.1
Aalbaalba5_s000017990016050.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000017990016050.1
Aalbaalba5_s000036260029900.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000036260029900.1
Aalbaalba5_s000036920030440.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000036920030440.1
Aalbaalba5_s000040240032690.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000040240032690.1
Aalbaalba5_s000043950035130.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000043950035130.1
Aalbaalba5_s000047850037730.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000047850037730.1
Aalbaalba5_s000058090044350.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000058090044350.1
Aalbaalba5_s000071440052650.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000071440052650.1
Aalbaalba5_s000097920069150.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000097920069150.1
Aalbaalba5_s000110130075480.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000110130075480.1
Aalbaalba5_s000131840087170.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000131840087170.1
Aalbaalba5_s000137070089610.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000137070089610.1
Aalbaalba5_s000142680092570.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000142680092570.1
Aalbaalba5_s000143670093100.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000143670093100.1
Aalbaalba5_s000147920095440.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000147920095440.1
Aalbaalba5_s000166820105190.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000166820105190.1
Aalbaalba5_s000166900105230.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000166900105230.1
Aalbaalba5_s000176050109910.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000176050109910.1
Aalbaalba5_s000181730113030.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000181730113030.1
Aalbaalba5_s000181730113030.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000181730113030.2
Aalbaalba5_s000190170117410.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000190170117410.1
Aalbaalba5_s000192470118560.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000192470118560.1
Aalbaalba5_s000203370123710.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000203370123710.1
Aalbaalba5_s000219700130860.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000219700130860.1
Aalbaalba5_s000219700130860.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000219700130860.2
Aalbaalba5_s000223900132690.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000223900132690.1