PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Aalbaalba5_s000229610135440.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000229610135440.1
Aalbaalba5_s000231970136530.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000231970136530.1
Aalbaalba5_s000236350138290.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000236350138290.1
Aalbaalba5_s000251570145470.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000251570145470.1
Aalbaalba5_s000251570145480.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000251570145480.1
Aalbaalba5_s000263370150910.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000263370150910.1
Aalbaalba5_s000280500157890.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000280500157890.1
Aalbaalba5_s000297210164940.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000297210164940.1
Aalbaalba5_s000303390167640.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000303390167640.1
Aalbaalba5_s000312360171720.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000312360171720.1
Aalbaalba5_s000312860171860.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000312860171860.1
Aalbaalba5_s000316380173640.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000316380173640.1
Aalbaalba5_s000322210175950.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000322210175950.1
Aalbaalba5_s000323390176400.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000323390176400.1
Aalbaalba5_s000327480177970.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000327480177970.1
Aalbaalba5_s000327480177980.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000327480177980.1
Aalbaalba5_s000330770179590.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000330770179590.1
Aalbaalba5_s000347070186560.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000347070186560.1
Aalbaalba5_s000371640197060.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000371640197060.1
Aalbaalba5_s000375300198670.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000375300198670.1
Aalbaalba5_s000377360199580.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000377360199580.1
Aalbaalba5_s000377360199580.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000377360199580.2
Aalbaalba5_s000382280201780.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000382280201780.1
Aalbaalba5_s000382280201780.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000382280201780.2
Aalbaalba5_s000387270204070.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000387270204070.1
Aalbaalba5_s000398930208620.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000398930208620.1
Aalbaalba5_s000449220230330.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000449220230330.1
Aalbaalba5_s000450790231020.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000450790231020.1
Aalbaalba5_s000450790231040.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000450790231040.1
Aalbaalba5_s000464100236410.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000464100236410.1