PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Aalbaalba5_s000465870237190.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000465870237190.1
Aalbaalba5_s000467650237890.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000467650237890.1
Aalbaalba5_s000470610239080.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000470610239080.1
Aalbaalba5_s000475290240990.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000475290240990.1
Aalbaalba5_s000491130247340.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000491130247340.1
Aalbaalba5_s000499710250430.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000499710250430.1
Aalbaalba5_s000505940252600.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000505940252600.1
Aalbaalba5_s000525410259890.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000525410259890.1
Aalbaalba5_s000543290266250.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000543290266250.1
Aalbaalba5_s000544300266610.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000544300266610.1
Aalbaalba5_s000547350267900.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000547350267900.1
Aalbaalba5_s000552290269700.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000552290269700.1
Aalbaalba5_s000552290269710.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000552290269710.1
Aalbaalba5_s000558040271710.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000558040271710.1
Aalbaalba5_s000565240274240.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000565240274240.1
Aalbaalba5_s000577910278500.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000577910278500.1
Aalbaalba5_s000594990284390.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000594990284390.1
Aalbaalba5_s000599510285860.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000599510285860.1
Aalbaalba5_s000616070291230.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000616070291230.1
Aalbaalba5_s000616070291230.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000616070291230.2
Aalbaalba5_s000619990292520.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000619990292520.1
Aalbaalba5_s000631630296710.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000631630296710.1
Aalbaalba5_s000641520300400.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000641520300400.1
Aalbaalba5_s000643120300830.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000643120300830.1
Aalbaalba5_s000661870306450.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000661870306450.1
Aalbaalba5_s000661870306460.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000661870306460.1
Aalbaalba5_s000680540312400.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000680540312400.1
Aalbaalba5_s000681700312730.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000681700312730.1
Aalbaalba5_s000681920312790.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000681920312790.1
Aalbaalba5_s000685940314040.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000685940314040.1