PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
4CL

4CL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family 4CL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 774 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Hordeum vulgare
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum turgidum
Prunus domestica
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 25907 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 25910 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 25914 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Apunutg000270l0245950.1 anthoceros_punctatus Apunutg000270l0245950.1
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000194 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000194
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000230 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000230
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000289 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000289
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000295 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000295
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000401 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR000401
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR001855 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR001855
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR001857 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR001857
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR001983 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR001983
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR002981 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR002981
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR003202 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR003202
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR005140 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR005140
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR007387 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR007387
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR007433 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR007433
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR007617 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR007617
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR008634 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR008634
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR010157 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR010157
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR010558 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR010558
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR013030 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR013030
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR019028 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR019028
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR020926 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR020926
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR020933 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR020933
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR020977 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR020977
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR022031 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR022031
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR022273 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR022273
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR022513 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR022513
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR022972 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR022972
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR023789 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR023789
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR024060 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR024060
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR024837 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR024837