PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
4CL

4CL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family 4CL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 774 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Hordeum vulgare
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum turgidum
Prunus domestica
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 25907 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 25910 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 25914 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5964472.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5964472.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5966293.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5966293.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5967467.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5967467.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5967556.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5967556.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5968034.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5968034.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5968035.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5968035.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5969225.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5969225.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5972926.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5972926.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5986833.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5986833.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5986855.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5986855.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5986879.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5986879.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6055168.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6055168.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6055188.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6055188.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6073828.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6073828.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6075559.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6075559.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6076436.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6076436.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6104462.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6104462.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6123939.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6123939.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6132257.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6132257.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6137132.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6137132.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6180148.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6180148.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6188069.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6188069.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6197680.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6197680.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6201330.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6201330.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6201338.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6201338.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6206942.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6206942.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6253223.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6253223.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6256584.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6256584.1
AhalFJVB01000167 arabidopsis_halleri AhalFJVB01000167
Alyrscaffold_10022190.1 arabidopsis_lyrata Alyrscaffold_10022190.1