PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128449.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128449.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128454.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128454.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128458.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128458.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128476.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128476.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128480.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128480.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128485.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128485.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128491.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9128491.1
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1295 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1295
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1299 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1299
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1311 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1311
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1317 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1317
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1346 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1346
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1713 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.1713
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2709 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2709
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2710 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2710
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2713 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2713
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2717 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2717
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2829_Atru.chr1.2830 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.2829_Atru.chr1.2830
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3217 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3217
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3218 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3218
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3679 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3679
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3787 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3787
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3963 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3963
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3969 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.3969
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.4001 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.4001
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.436 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.436
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.439 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.439
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.598 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.598
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.599 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.599
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.600 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr1.600