PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11465 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11465
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11466 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11466
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11665 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11665
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11666 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11666
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11667 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11667
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11738 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11738
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11739 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11739
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11740 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11740
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11829 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_11829
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12293 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12293
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12294 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12294
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12301 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12301
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12306 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12306
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12307 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12307
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12722 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12722
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12723 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12723
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13464 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13464
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13465 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13465
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13466 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13466
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13771 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13771
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13772 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13772
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13952 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13952
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13953 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13953
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13954 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_13954
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14032 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14032
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14057 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14057
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14058 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14058
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14117 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14117
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14268 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14268
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14270 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_14270