PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Macu11G0022830.1 musa_acuminata Macu11G0022830.1
musa_beccarii_Mbe01_t022110.1 musa_beccarii musa_beccarii_Mbe01_t022110.1
musa_beccarii_Mbe02_t006070.1 musa_beccarii musa_beccarii_Mbe02_t006070.1
musa_beccarii_Mbe02_t006080.1 musa_beccarii musa_beccarii_Mbe02_t006080.1
musa_beccarii_Mbe03_t031150.1 musa_beccarii musa_beccarii_Mbe03_t031150.1
musa_beccarii_Mbe05_t009880.1 musa_beccarii musa_beccarii_Mbe05_t009880.1
musa_beccarii_Mbe06_t040740.1 musa_beccarii musa_beccarii_Mbe06_t040740.1
musa_beccarii_Mbe06_t048840.1 musa_beccarii musa_beccarii_Mbe06_t048840.1
musa_beccarii_Mbe07_t015550.1 musa_beccarii musa_beccarii_Mbe07_t015550.1
musa_beccarii_Mbe08_t037020.1 musa_beccarii musa_beccarii_Mbe08_t037020.1
Mitiscaffold1280033040 musa_itinerans Mitiscaffold1280033040
Mitiscaffold2030104520 musa_itinerans Mitiscaffold2030104520
Mitiscaffold23300125710 musa_itinerans Mitiscaffold23300125710
Mitiscaffold26860149750 musa_itinerans Mitiscaffold26860149750
Mitiscaffold28740165700 musa_itinerans Mitiscaffold28740165700
Mitiscaffold32070181680 musa_itinerans Mitiscaffold32070181680
Mitiscaffold42260221390 musa_itinerans Mitiscaffold42260221390
Mitiscaffold470232080 musa_itinerans Mitiscaffold470232080
Msch01G0004140.1 musa_schizocarpa Msch01G0004140.1
Msch02G0001670.1 musa_schizocarpa Msch02G0001670.1
Msch05G0003530.1 musa_schizocarpa Msch05G0003530.1
Msch05G0019340.1 musa_schizocarpa Msch05G0019340.1
Msch08G0013550.1 musa_schizocarpa Msch08G0013550.1
Msch09G0014600.1 musa_schizocarpa Msch09G0014600.1
Msch11G0014450.1 musa_schizocarpa Msch11G0014450.1
Msch11G0020420.1 musa_schizocarpa Msch11G0020420.1
Mtexscaffold10700008950.1 musa_textilis Mtexscaffold10700008950.1
Mtexscaffold12060023410.1 musa_textilis Mtexscaffold12060023410.1
Mtexscaffold2460098780.1 musa_textilis Mtexscaffold2460098780.1
Mtexscaffold2460098790.1 musa_textilis Mtexscaffold2460098790.1