PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0000754g0260.1 nicotiana_tabacum nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0000754g0260.1
nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0002130g0010.1 nicotiana_tabacum nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0002130g0010.1
nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0005320g0020.1 nicotiana_tabacum nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0005320g0020.1
nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0008883g0010.1 nicotiana_tabacum nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0008883g0010.1
nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0012382g0010.1 nicotiana_tabacum nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0012382g0010.1
nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0018680g0010.1 nicotiana_tabacum nicotiana_tabacum_Nitab4.5_0018680g0010.1
nicotiana_tomentosiformis_XP_009596642.1 nicotiana_tomentosiformis nicotiana_tomentosiformis_XP_009596642.1
nicotiana_tomentosiformis_XP_009606373.1 nicotiana_tomentosiformis nicotiana_tomentosiformis_XP_009606373.1
nicotiana_tomentosiformis_XP_009625397.1 nicotiana_tomentosiformis nicotiana_tomentosiformis_XP_009625397.1
nicotiana_tomentosiformis_XP_009629066.1 nicotiana_tomentosiformis nicotiana_tomentosiformis_XP_009629066.1
Nschscaffold1629_cov1130064950 nissolia_schottii Nschscaffold1629_cov1130064950
Nschscaffold266120_cov1160136410 nissolia_schottii Nschscaffold266120_cov1160136410
Nschscaffold2738_cov1160141660 nissolia_schottii Nschscaffold2738_cov1160141660
Nschscaffold3086_cov1150160530 nissolia_schottii Nschscaffold3086_cov1150160530
Ncon12515930080500 noteroclada_confluens Ncon12515930080500
Ncon13349840099680 noteroclada_confluens Ncon13349840099680
Ncon15241750188790 noteroclada_confluens Ncon15241750188790
Ncon15442710203920 noteroclada_confluens Ncon15442710203920
Ncon15863210241240 noteroclada_confluens Ncon15863210241240
Ncon15887540243900 noteroclada_confluens Ncon15887540243900
Ncon16674860348620 noteroclada_confluens Ncon16674860348620
Ncon16674860348630 noteroclada_confluens Ncon16674860348630
Ncon16992150441100 noteroclada_confluens Ncon16992150441100
Ncon7700506380 noteroclada_confluens Ncon7700506380
Ncon9615350520130 noteroclada_confluens Ncon9615350520130
NcolGWHAAYW000000040094920.1 nymphaea_colorata NcolGWHAAYW000000040094920.1
NcolGWHAAYW000000090155000.1 nymphaea_colorata NcolGWHAAYW000000090155000.1
NcolGWHAAYW000000100166270.1 nymphaea_colorata NcolGWHAAYW000000100166270.1
NcolGWHAAYW000000120203530.1 nymphaea_colorata NcolGWHAAYW000000120203530.1
NcolGWHAAYW000000140221510.1 nymphaea_colorata NcolGWHAAYW000000140221510.1