PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Cresscaffold1848_size143880067050.1 cardamine_resedifolia Cresscaffold1848_size143880067050.1
Cresscaffold324_size1275880126550.1 cardamine_resedifolia Cresscaffold324_size1275880126550.1
Cresscaffold568_size1233010181510.1 cardamine_resedifolia Cresscaffold568_size1233010181510.1
Ccri09g06940.1 carex_cristatella Ccri09g06940.1
Ccri09g06950.1 carex_cristatella Ccri09g06950.1
Ccri21g05770.1 carex_cristatella Ccri21g05770.1
Csco23g01160.1 carex_scoparia Csco23g01160.1
Csco27g03980.1 carex_scoparia Csco27g03980.1
Csco27g03990.1 carex_scoparia Csco27g03990.1
carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC004721 carica_papaya carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC004721
carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC005903 carica_papaya carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC005903
carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC022129 carica_papaya carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC022129
carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC022131 carica_papaya carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC022131
carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC024694 carica_papaya carica_papaya_GWHPBFSC024694
Cgig1_14138 carnegiea_gigantea Cgig1_14138
Cgig1_25463 carnegiea_gigantea Cgig1_25463
Cgig1_26296 carnegiea_gigantea Cgig1_26296
Cfan01G0016590.1 carpinus_fangiana Cfan01G0016590.1
Cfan01G0016600.1 carpinus_fangiana Cfan01G0016600.1
Cfan01G0030360.1 carpinus_fangiana Cfan01G0030360.1
Cfan01G0030370.1 carpinus_fangiana Cfan01G0030370.1
Cfan01G0030390.1 carpinus_fangiana Cfan01G0030390.1
Cfan07G0011500.1 carpinus_fangiana Cfan07G0011500.1
Ctin08G0009170.1 carthamus_tinctorius Ctin08G0009170.1
Ctin08G0009180.1 carthamus_tinctorius Ctin08G0009180.1
Ctin10G0019020.1 carthamus_tinctorius Ctin10G0019020.1
Ctin11G0019490.1 carthamus_tinctorius Ctin11G0019490.1
Ctin11G0019500.1 carthamus_tinctorius Ctin11G0019500.1
Ccatscaffold163160042430 carya_cathayensis Ccatscaffold163160042430
Ccatscaffold179460066200 carya_cathayensis Ccatscaffold179460066200