PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_04g0096400.10 citrullus_lanatus citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_04g0096400.10
citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_07g0118700.10 citrullus_lanatus citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_07g0118700.10
citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_07g0118800.10 citrullus_lanatus citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_07g0118800.10
citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_08g0090800.10 citrullus_lanatus citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_08g0090800.10
citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_08g0114600.10 citrullus_lanatus citrullus_lanatus_ClG42_08g0114600.10
citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX021829 citrus_australis citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX021829
citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX021830 citrus_australis citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX021830
citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX021831 citrus_australis citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX021831
citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX021832 citrus_australis citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX021832
citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX024562 citrus_australis citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX024562
citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX026608 citrus_australis citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX026608
citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX028405 citrus_australis citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX028405
citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX028407 citrus_australis citrus_australis_GWHPBQDX028407
Cclescaffold_3790102780.1 citrus_clementina Cclescaffold_3790102780.1
Cclescaffold_40109260.1 citrus_clementina Cclescaffold_40109260.1
Cclescaffold_60161300.1 citrus_clementina Cclescaffold_60161300.1
Cclescaffold_60161310.1 citrus_clementina Cclescaffold_60161310.1
Cclescaffold_70192130.1 citrus_clementina Cclescaffold_70192130.1
Cclescaffold_80204150.1 citrus_clementina Cclescaffold_80204150.1
Cclescaffold_80216940.1 citrus_clementina Cclescaffold_80216940.1
Cclescaffold_80216960.1 citrus_clementina Cclescaffold_80216960.1
Cclescaffold_80216980.1 citrus_clementina Cclescaffold_80216980.1
CIgra01G0015510.1 citrus_grandis CIgra01G0015510.1
CIgra01G0015520.1 citrus_grandis CIgra01G0015520.1
CIgra01G0015570.1 citrus_grandis CIgra01G0015570.1
CIgra01G0015640.1 citrus_grandis CIgra01G0015640.1
CIgra01G0015690.1 citrus_grandis CIgra01G0015690.1
CIgra03G0007260.1 citrus_grandis CIgra03G0007260.1
CIgra06G0001740.1 citrus_grandis CIgra06G0001740.1
CIgra06G0001770.1 citrus_grandis CIgra06G0001770.1