PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
4CL

4CL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family 4CL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 774 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Hordeum vulgare
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum turgidum
Prunus domestica
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 25907 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 25910 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 25914 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024274 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024274
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024451 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024451
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024463 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024463
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025349 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025349
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028708 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028708
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029043 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029043
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029044 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029044
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029048 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029048
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029741 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029741
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030717 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030717
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030878 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030878
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033109 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033109
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033112 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033112
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033156 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033156
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033164 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033164
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033701 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL033701
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL034100 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL034100
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035755 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035755
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035771 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035771
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036081 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036081
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036527 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036527
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036554 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036554
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL037225 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL037225
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL037523 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL037523
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL037753 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL037753
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL039404 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL039404
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL039913 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL039913
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040771 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040771
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040946 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040946
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041807 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041807