PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
XP_027368814.1 abrus_precatorius XP_027368814.1
XP_027368868.1 abrus_precatorius XP_027368868.1
Aalbaalba5_s000123360082560.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000123360082560.1
Aalbaalba5_s000166900105230.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000166900105230.2
Aalbaalba5_s000180920112470.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000180920112470.1
Aalbaalba5_s000180920112480.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000180920112480.1
Aalbaalba5_s000317700174220.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000317700174220.1
Aalbaalba5_s000345610185890.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000345610185890.1
Aalbaalba5_s000389070204850.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000389070204850.1
Aalbaalba5_s000425440220250.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000425440220250.1
Aalbaalba5_s000480190243020.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000480190243020.1
Aalbaalba5_s000631630296720.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000631630296720.1
Aalbaalba5_s000631630296730.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000631630296730.1
Aalbaalba5_s000715490323150.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000715490323150.1
Aalbaalba5_s000737610329850.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000737610329850.1
Aalbaalba5_s000809500351630.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000809500351630.1
Aalbaalba5_s000833880358560.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000833880358560.1
Aalbaalba5_s000862310366310.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000862310366310.1
Aalbaalba5_s000926450383940.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s000926450383940.1
Aalbaalba5_s001019560408580.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001019560408580.1
Aalbaalba5_s001019560408580.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001019560408580.2
Aalbaalba5_s001019560408580.3 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001019560408580.3
Aalbaalba5_s001447540504970.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001447540504970.1
Aalbaalba5_s001634050541400.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001634050541400.1
Aalbaalba5_s001711160555390.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001711160555390.1
Aalbaalba5_s001763320563460.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001763320563460.1
Aalbaalba5_s001763320563460.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001763320563460.2
Aalbaalba5_s001763320563470.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001763320563470.1
Aalbaalba5_s002013540603120.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002013540603120.1
Aalbaalba5_s002052160608610.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002052160608610.1