PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Aalbaalba5_s002532800669420.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002532800669420.1
Aalbaalba5_s002954550711360.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002954550711360.1
Aalbaalba5_s003497020752740.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003497020752740.1
Aalbaalba5_s003567400757050.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003567400757050.1
Aalbaalba5_s004151800791360.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s004151800791360.1
Aalbaalba5_s004270170797470.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s004270170797470.1
Aalbaalba5_s004991930829150.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s004991930829150.1
Aalbaalba5_s005111140833800.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s005111140833800.1
Aalbaalba5_s006269820865800.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s006269820865800.1
Aalbaalba5_s007009940879720.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s007009940879720.1
Aalbaalba5_s007078880880920.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s007078880880920.1
Aalbaalba5_s009966000911970.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s009966000911970.1
Aalbaalba5_s032206190942030.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s032206190942030.1
XP_027331277.1 abrus_precatorius XP_027331277.1
XP_027337508.1 abrus_precatorius XP_027337508.1
XP_027337612.1 abrus_precatorius XP_027337612.1
XP_027356113.1 abrus_precatorius XP_027356113.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9070430.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9070430.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9070469.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9070469.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9070939.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9070939.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071098.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071098.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071417.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071417.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071418.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071418.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071420.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071420.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071424.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071424.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071561.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071561.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071941.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9071941.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9072012.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9072012.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9072362.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9072362.1
acacia_pycnantha_KAI9072518.1 acacia_pycnantha acacia_pycnantha_KAI9072518.1