PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1413 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1413
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1442 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1442
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1485 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1485
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1489 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1489
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1550 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1550
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1881 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.1881
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2047 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2047
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2169 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2169
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2264 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2264
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2265 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2265
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2331 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2331
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2599 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2599
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.26 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.26
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2602 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2602
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2603 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2603
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2616 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2616
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2617 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2617
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2619 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2619
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2620 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2620
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2621 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2621
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2626 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2626
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2627 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2627
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2628 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2628
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2629 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2629
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2631 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.2631
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.401 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.401
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.508 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.508
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.779 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.779
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.980 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.980
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.981 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr9.981