PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
AcyanUnG0029100.1 acer_yangbiense AcyanUnG0029100.1
AcyanUnG0029200.1 acer_yangbiense AcyanUnG0029200.1
AcyanUnG0029300.1 acer_yangbiense AcyanUnG0029300.1
AcyanUnG0029400.1 acer_yangbiense AcyanUnG0029400.1
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000243 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000243
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000245 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000245
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000286 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000286
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000442 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000442
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000743 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000743
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000746 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000746
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000747 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL000747
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001024 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001024
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001025 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001025
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001032 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001032
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001147 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001147
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001222 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001222
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001228 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001228
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001231 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001231
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001316 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001316
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001452 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001452
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001648 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001648
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001649 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001649
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001650 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001650
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001651 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001651
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001724 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001724
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001966 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001966
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL002238 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL002238
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL002240 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL002240
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL002245 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL002245
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL002316 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL002316