PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053382 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053382
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053815 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053815
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053891 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053891
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053987 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053987
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL054952 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL054952
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL054953 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL054953
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL055734 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL055734
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL055772 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL055772
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL055785 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL055785
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056003 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056003
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056007 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056007
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056570 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056570
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056572 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056572
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056754 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056754
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056796 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL056796
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL058354 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL058354
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL058360 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL058360
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL058626 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL058626
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL060303 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL060303
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G046600.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G046600.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G046700.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G046700.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G064200.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G064200.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G064300.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G064300.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G064400.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G064400.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G082300.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G082300.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G082800.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G082800.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G084300.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G084300.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G091800.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G091800.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G132100.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G132100.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G136600.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G136600.1.p