PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043459 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043459
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL044398 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL044398
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL044414 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL044414
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL044612 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL044612
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL045372 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL045372
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL045556 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL045556
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL045889 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL045889
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL045927 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL045927
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL046011 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL046011
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL046198 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL046198
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL047400 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL047400
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL049278 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL049278
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL049460 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL049460
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL049569 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL049569
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL049771 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL049771
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL050504 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL050504
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL050664 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL050664
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051079 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051079
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051110 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051110
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051200 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051200
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051283 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051283
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051914 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051914
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051979 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL051979
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052417 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052417
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052440 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052440
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052654 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052654
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052655 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052655
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052976 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL052976
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053178 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053178
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053315 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL053315