PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035819 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035819
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035820 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035820
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035821 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035821
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035822 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035822
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035823 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035823
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035824 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035824
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035825 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035825
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035826 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035826
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035853 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035853
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036555 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036555
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036737 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL036737
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL037048 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL037048
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL038665 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL038665
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL039036 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL039036
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040259 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040259
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040261 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040261
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040263 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040263
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040325 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040325
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040326 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040326
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040803 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL040803
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041526 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041526
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041644 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041644
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041887 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041887
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL042102 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL042102
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL042714 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL042714
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043041 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043041
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043098 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043098
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043105 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043105
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043405 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043405
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043455 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL043455