PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Grai09G0041630.1 gossypium_raimondii Grai09G0041630.1
Grai09G0041640.1 gossypium_raimondii Grai09G0041640.1
Grai10G0008600.1 gossypium_raimondii Grai10G0008600.1
Grai11G0023840.1 gossypium_raimondii Grai11G0023840.1
Grai12G0013610.1 gossypium_raimondii Grai12G0013610.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_01G001820.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_01G001820.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_01G026360.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_01G026360.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_04G014830.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_04G014830.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_05G002950.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_05G002950.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_05G003220.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_05G003220.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_06G018460.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_06G018460.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_09G018390.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_09G018390.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_10G003690.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_10G003690.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_10G003700.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_10G003700.1
gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_11G001790.1 gossypium_rotundifolium gossypium_rotundifolium_Grot_11G001790.1
gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_01G026100.1 gossypium_stocksii gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_01G026100.1
gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_04G010140.1 gossypium_stocksii gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_04G010140.1
gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_04G010160.1 gossypium_stocksii gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_04G010160.1
gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_06G009030.1 gossypium_stocksii gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_06G009030.1
gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_09G011040.1 gossypium_stocksii gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_09G011040.1
gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_10G025640.1 gossypium_stocksii gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_10G025640.1
gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_11G037680.3 gossypium_stocksii gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_11G037680.3
gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_11G041070.1 gossypium_stocksii gossypium_stocksii_Gsto_11G041070.1
gossypium_sturtianum_Gos0G000200 gossypium_sturtianum gossypium_sturtianum_Gos0G000200
gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu01G001980 gossypium_sturtianum gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu01G001980
gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu04G009490 gossypium_sturtianum gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu04G009490
gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu04G009500 gossypium_sturtianum gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu04G009500
gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu06G019500 gossypium_sturtianum gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu06G019500
gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu09G019020 gossypium_sturtianum gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu09G019020
gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu10G026470 gossypium_sturtianum gossypium_sturtianum_Gstu10G026470