PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
AANG010077 anthoceros_angustus AANG010077
Apunutg000038l0039870.1 anthoceros_punctatus Apunutg000038l0039870.1
Apunutg000048l0090800.1 anthoceros_punctatus Apunutg000048l0090800.1
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR003950 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR003950
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR004736 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR004736
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR010214 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR010214
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR023315 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR023315
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR023468 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR023468
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR034521 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR034521
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR042541 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR042541
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR042737 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR042737
antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR043767 antirrhinum_hispanicum antirrhinum_hispanicum_GWHPBJVR043767
Am01g24350.P01 antirrhinum_majus Am01g24350.P01
Am05g05450.P01 antirrhinum_majus Am05g05450.P01
Am06g33080.P01 antirrhinum_majus Am06g33080.P01
Am07g26620.P01 antirrhinum_majus Am07g26620.P01
Am08g17300.P01 antirrhinum_majus Am08g17300.P01
Am08g26170.P01 antirrhinum_majus Am08g26170.P01
Asin02G0031520 aquilaria_sinensis Asin02G0031520
Asin04G0009130 aquilaria_sinensis Asin04G0009130
Asin06G0031210 aquilaria_sinensis Asin06G0031210
Asin07G0021790 aquilaria_sinensis Asin07G0021790
Acoe_01G0014010.1 aquilegia_coerulea Acoe_01G0014010.1
Acoe_02G0014450.1 aquilegia_coerulea Acoe_02G0014450.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5966756.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE5966756.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6034142.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6034142.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6076097.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6076097.1
arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6086271.1 arabidopsis_arenosa arabidopsis_arenosa_CAE6086271.1
AhalFJVB01000337 arabidopsis_halleri AhalFJVB01000337
Alyrscaffold_30094800.1 arabidopsis_lyrata Alyrscaffold_30094800.1