PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Alyrscaffold_30094800.2 arabidopsis_lyrata Alyrscaffold_30094800.2
Alyrscaffold_40145950.1 arabidopsis_lyrata Alyrscaffold_40145950.1
Alyrscaffold_50181910.1 arabidopsis_lyrata Alyrscaffold_50181910.1
Alyrscaffold_60197560.1 arabidopsis_lyrata Alyrscaffold_60197560.1
ara_suecica_KAG7538346.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7538346.1
ara_suecica_KAG7546817.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7546817.1
ara_suecica_KAG7554061.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7554061.1
ara_suecica_KAG7554062.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7554062.1
ara_suecica_KAG7565511.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7565511.1
ara_suecica_KAG7572189.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7572189.1
ara_suecica_KAG7573021.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7573021.1
ara_suecica_KAG7573902.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7573902.1
ara_suecica_KAG7581069.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7581069.1
ara_suecica_KAG7608061.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7608061.1
ara_suecica_KAG7630716.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7630716.1
ara_suecica_KAG7634243.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7634243.1
ara_suecica_KAG7640644.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7640644.1
ara_suecica_KAG7641949.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7641949.1
ara_suecica_KAG7643388.1 arabidopsis_suecica ara_suecica_KAG7643388.1
Atha02G0031280.1 arabidopsis_thaliana Atha02G0031280.1
Atha03G0009980.1 arabidopsis_thaliana Atha03G0009980.1
Atha03G0043860.1 arabidopsis_thaliana Atha03G0043860.1
Atha05G0003480.1 arabidopsis_thaliana Atha05G0003480.1
Atha05G0003480.2 arabidopsis_thaliana Atha05G0003480.2
Aalp02G0024010 arabis_alpina Aalp02G0024010
Aalp04G0032150 arabis_alpina Aalp04G0032150
Aalp05G0020270 arabis_alpina Aalp05G0020270
Aalp08G0004280 arabis_alpina Aalp08G0004280
Aalpscaffold_1550002400 arabis_alpina Aalpscaffold_1550002400
arabis_nemorensis_VVA96455.1 arabis_nemorensis arabis_nemorensis_VVA96455.1