PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
PeneHiC_scaffold_20175180 paraleucobryum_enerve PeneHiC_scaffold_20175180
PeneHiC_scaffold_20182710 paraleucobryum_enerve PeneHiC_scaffold_20182710
PeneHiC_scaffold_20182730 paraleucobryum_enerve PeneHiC_scaffold_20182730
PeneHiC_scaffold_30192360 paraleucobryum_enerve PeneHiC_scaffold_30192360
PeneHiC_scaffold_30206100 paraleucobryum_enerve PeneHiC_scaffold_30206100
PeneHiC_scaffold_70328500 paraleucobryum_enerve PeneHiC_scaffold_70328500
paulownia_fortunei_KAI3447585.1 paulownia_fortunei paulownia_fortunei_KAI3447585.1
paulownia_fortunei_KAI3458967.1 paulownia_fortunei paulownia_fortunei_KAI3458967.1
paulownia_fortunei_KAI3470476.1 paulownia_fortunei paulownia_fortunei_KAI3470476.1
paulownia_fortunei_KAI3470477.1 paulownia_fortunei paulownia_fortunei_KAI3470477.1
paulownia_fortunei_KAI3472811.1 paulownia_fortunei paulownia_fortunei_KAI3472811.1
paulownia_fortunei_KAI3473266.1 paulownia_fortunei paulownia_fortunei_KAI3473266.1
paulownia_fortunei_KAI3473992.1 paulownia_fortunei paulownia_fortunei_KAI3473992.1
paulownia_fortunei_KAI3474646.1 paulownia_fortunei paulownia_fortunei_KAI3474646.1
PmarPM0089930237600.1 penium_margaritaceum PmarPM0089930237600.1
PmarPM1233240497110.1 penium_margaritaceum PmarPM1233240497110.1
perilla_citriodora_KAH6762354.1 perilla_citriodora perilla_citriodora_KAH6762354.1
perilla_citriodora_KAH6767679.1 perilla_citriodora perilla_citriodora_KAH6767679.1
perilla_citriodora_KAH6784181.1 perilla_citriodora perilla_citriodora_KAH6784181.1
perilla_citriodora_KAH6797687.1 perilla_citriodora perilla_citriodora_KAH6797687.1
petrea_volubilis_Petvo.13G004710.1 petrea_volubilis petrea_volubilis_Petvo.13G004710.1
petrea_volubilis_Petvo.14G003010.1 petrea_volubilis petrea_volubilis_Petvo.14G003010.1
petrea_volubilis_Petvo.14G003030.1 petrea_volubilis petrea_volubilis_Petvo.14G003030.1
petrea_volubilis_Petvo.16G006480.1 petrea_volubilis petrea_volubilis_Petvo.16G006480.1
Plae4010230162610 phaeoceros_laevis Plae4010230162610
Plae4010390166040 phaeoceros_laevis Plae4010390166040
Paphscaffold1060012400.1 phalaenopsis_aphrodite Paphscaffold1060012400.1
Paphscaffold1060012410.1 phalaenopsis_aphrodite Paphscaffold1060012410.1
Paphscaffold3840170250.1 phalaenopsis_aphrodite Paphscaffold3840170250.1
Paphscaffold500205210.1 phalaenopsis_aphrodite Paphscaffold500205210.1