PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001601 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001601
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001602 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001602
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001603 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001603
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001604 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001604
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001605 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001605
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001606 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL001606
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006291 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006291
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006292 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006292
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006314 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006314
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006315 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006315
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006316 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006316
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006318 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006318
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006424 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006424
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006542 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006542
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006545 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL006545
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010647 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010647
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010648 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010648
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010650 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010650
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010652 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010652
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010653 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL010653
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL012432 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL012432
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL018032 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL018032
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL031320 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL031320
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035880 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL035880
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL038077 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL038077
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041096 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL041096
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL057213 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL057213
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL060203 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL060203
acorus_americanus_Acora.01G232100.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.01G232100.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.02G178500.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.02G178500.1.p