PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
acorus_americanus_Acora.06G077800.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.06G077800.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.10G174800.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.10G174800.1.p
acorus_americanus_Acora.11G195800.1.p acorus_americanus acorus_americanus_Acora.11G195800.1.p
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_00692 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_00692
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_05382 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_05382
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_07082 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_07082
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_09307 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_09307
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12051 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_12051
ATA021.132.t1 acorus_tatarinowii ATA021.132.t1
ATA1.695.t1.p1 acorus_tatarinowii ATA1.695.t1.p1
ATA11.31.t1 acorus_tatarinowii ATA11.31.t1
ATA181.9.t1 acorus_tatarinowii ATA181.9.t1
ATA2.2073.t1 acorus_tatarinowii ATA2.2073.t1
ATA278.6.t1 acorus_tatarinowii ATA278.6.t1
ATA4.1824.t1 acorus_tatarinowii ATA4.1824.t1
ATA5.634.t1 acorus_tatarinowii ATA5.634.t1
Aurv6469480021500 acrobolbus_urvilleanus Aurv6469480021500
Aurv6579650024590 acrobolbus_urvilleanus Aurv6579650024590
Aurv8149670085480 acrobolbus_urvilleanus Aurv8149670085480
Aurv8670010155990 acrobolbus_urvilleanus Aurv8670010155990
Aurv8763470176430 acrobolbus_urvilleanus Aurv8763470176430
Aurv8871970204150 acrobolbus_urvilleanus Aurv8871970204150
Achi03G0011510.1 actinidia_chinensis Achi03G0011510.1
Achi08G0001610.1 actinidia_chinensis Achi08G0001610.1
Achi08G0002100.1 actinidia_chinensis Achi08G0002100.1
Achi18G0011820.1 actinidia_chinensis Achi18G0011820.1
Achi18G0011830.1 actinidia_chinensis Achi18G0011830.1
Achi26G0008940.1 actinidia_chinensis Achi26G0008940.1
Achi28G0006580.1 actinidia_chinensis Achi28G0006580.1
ACeri03G0014110 actinidia_eriantha ACeri03G0014110