PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr4.g269240.1 fagopyrum_esculentum fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr4.g269240.1
fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr5.g019610.1 fagopyrum_esculentum fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr5.g019610.1
fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr7.g002240.1 fagopyrum_esculentum fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr7.g002240.1
fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr7.g004920.1 fagopyrum_esculentum fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr7.g004920.1
fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr8.g036470.1 fagopyrum_esculentum fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr8.g036470.1
fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr8.g155630.1 fagopyrum_esculentum fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr8.g155630.1
fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr8.g189960.1 fagopyrum_esculentum fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr8.g189960.1
fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr8.g243270.1 fagopyrum_esculentum fagopyrum_esculentum_FesPL4_r1.1_Chr8.g243270.1
FtPinG0001546000.01.T01 fagopyrum_tataricum FtPinG0001546000.01.T01
FtPinG0003900700.01.T01 fagopyrum_tataricum FtPinG0003900700.01.T01
FtPinG0004300200.01.T01 fagopyrum_tataricum FtPinG0004300200.01.T01
FtPinG0005713400.01.T01 fagopyrum_tataricum FtPinG0005713400.01.T01
FtPinG0006137300.01.T01 fagopyrum_tataricum FtPinG0006137300.01.T01
FtPinG0007161100.01.T01 fagopyrum_tataricum FtPinG0007161100.01.T01
FtPinG0008236900.01.T01 fagopyrum_tataricum FtPinG0008236900.01.T01
FtPinG0008237100.01.T01 fagopyrum_tataricum FtPinG0008237100.01.T01
Falbscaffold1198_cov1730021400 faidherbia_albida Falbscaffold1198_cov1730021400
Falbscaffold120_cov1950024790 faidherbia_albida Falbscaffold120_cov1950024790
Falbscaffold1830_cov1990080580 faidherbia_albida Falbscaffold1830_cov1990080580
Falbscaffold337_cov2370153810 faidherbia_albida Falbscaffold337_cov2370153810
Falbscaffold337_cov2370153830 faidherbia_albida Falbscaffold337_cov2370153830
Falbscaffold5486_cov2240193270 faidherbia_albida Falbscaffold5486_cov2240193270
Falbscaffold578_cov1960198620 faidherbia_albida Falbscaffold578_cov1960198620
Fjavscaffold_130070290 fissidens_javanicus Fjavscaffold_130070290
Fjavscaffold_130070310 fissidens_javanicus Fjavscaffold_130070310
Fjavscaffold_130071640 fissidens_javanicus Fjavscaffold_130071640
Fjavscaffold_20099770 fissidens_javanicus Fjavscaffold_20099770
Fjavscaffold_30144630 fissidens_javanicus Fjavscaffold_30144630
Fjavscaffold_30144670 fissidens_javanicus Fjavscaffold_30144670
Fjavscaffold_50181150 fissidens_javanicus Fjavscaffold_50181150