PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
4CL

4CL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family 4CL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 774 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Hordeum vulgare
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum turgidum
Prunus domestica
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 25907 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 25910 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 25914 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
AfilAzfi_s02300143620 azolla_filiculoides AfilAzfi_s02300143620
AfilAzfi_s02580149280 azolla_filiculoides AfilAzfi_s02580149280
AfilAzfi_s03730164610 azolla_filiculoides AfilAzfi_s03730164610
AfilAzfi_s04640171380 azolla_filiculoides AfilAzfi_s04640171380
AfilAzfi_s04640171390 azolla_filiculoides AfilAzfi_s04640171390
AfilAzfi_s10200186140 azolla_filiculoides AfilAzfi_s10200186140
AfilAzfi_s11740187550 azolla_filiculoides AfilAzfi_s11740187550
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA00870 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA00870
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA02210 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA02210
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA02406 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA02406
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA02552 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA02552
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA04959 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA04959
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA06205 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA06205
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA06309 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA06309
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA06782 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA06782
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA07487 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA07487
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA08219 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA08219
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA08341 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA08341
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA08630 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA08630
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA09835 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA09835
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA10110 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA10110
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA14879 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA14879
balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA_000340 balanophora_fungosa_var_globosa balanophora_fungosa_var._globosa_BALA_000340
balanophora_subcupularis_BAL03393 balanophora_subcupularis balanophora_subcupularis_BAL03393
balanophora_subcupularis_BAL04427 balanophora_subcupularis balanophora_subcupularis_BAL04427
balanophora_subcupularis_BAL06127 balanophora_subcupularis balanophora_subcupularis_BAL06127
balanophora_subcupularis_BAL07029 balanophora_subcupularis balanophora_subcupularis_BAL07029
balanophora_subcupularis_BAL07145 balanophora_subcupularis balanophora_subcupularis_BAL07145
balanophora_subcupularis_BAL07385 balanophora_subcupularis balanophora_subcupularis_BAL07385
balanophora_subcupularis_BAL08035 balanophora_subcupularis balanophora_subcupularis_BAL08035