PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr2.3652 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr2.3652
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr2.3659 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr2.3659
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr2.3660 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr2.3660
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2640 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2640
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2799 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2799
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2801 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2801
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2953 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2953
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2954 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2954
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2995 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.2995
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.3321 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.3321
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.337 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.337
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.3971 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.3971
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.4107 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.4107
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.4111 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.4111
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.4113 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.4113
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.4114 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.4114
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.457 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.457
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.458 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.458
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.460 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.460
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.564 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.564
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.654 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.654
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.700 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.700
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.737 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.737
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.761 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.761
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.800 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.800
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.967 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr3.967
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr4.1603 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr4.1603
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr4.1943 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr4.1943
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr4.293 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr4.293
acer_truncatum_Atru.chr4.296 acer_truncatum acer_truncatum_Atru.chr4.296