PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Aalbaalba5_s001062250419370.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001062250419370.1
Aalbaalba5_s001063210419630.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001063210419630.1
Aalbaalba5_s001083790425190.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001083790425190.1
Aalbaalba5_s001086470425880.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001086470425880.1
Aalbaalba5_s001182210448460.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001182210448460.1
Aalbaalba5_s001208230454170.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001208230454170.1
Aalbaalba5_s001211060454840.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001211060454840.1
Aalbaalba5_s001215380456000.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001215380456000.1
Aalbaalba5_s001225220458110.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001225220458110.1
Aalbaalba5_s001245100462600.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001245100462600.1
Aalbaalba5_s001256290465070.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001256290465070.1
Aalbaalba5_s001258920465610.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001258920465610.1
Aalbaalba5_s001270080468080.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001270080468080.1
Aalbaalba5_s001270080468080.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001270080468080.2
Aalbaalba5_s001286920471740.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001286920471740.1
Aalbaalba5_s001292880472800.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001292880472800.1
Aalbaalba5_s001295160473280.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001295160473280.1
Aalbaalba5_s001311230476680.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001311230476680.1
Aalbaalba5_s001338380482450.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001338380482450.1
Aalbaalba5_s001343110483510.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001343110483510.1
Aalbaalba5_s001346820484230.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001346820484230.1
Aalbaalba5_s001363090487620.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001363090487620.1
Aalbaalba5_s001412210497960.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001412210497960.1
Aalbaalba5_s001447540504960.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001447540504960.1
Aalbaalba5_s001453500506020.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001453500506020.1
Aalbaalba5_s001493020514390.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001493020514390.1
Aalbaalba5_s001522890520100.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001522890520100.1
Aalbaalba5_s001556620526490.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001556620526490.1
Aalbaalba5_s001609980536490.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001609980536490.1
Aalbaalba5_s001609980536490.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001609980536490.2