PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Aalbaalba5_s001610800536710.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001610800536710.1
Aalbaalba5_s001626540539850.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001626540539850.1
Aalbaalba5_s001664390546920.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001664390546920.1
Aalbaalba5_s001675730548840.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001675730548840.1
Aalbaalba5_s001682160549920.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001682160549920.1
Aalbaalba5_s001688610551180.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001688610551180.1
Aalbaalba5_s001713960555830.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001713960555830.1
Aalbaalba5_s001729000558160.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001729000558160.1
Aalbaalba5_s001729000558160.2 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001729000558160.2
Aalbaalba5_s001771810564950.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001771810564950.1
Aalbaalba5_s001792570568340.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001792570568340.1
Aalbaalba5_s001824880573460.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001824880573460.1
Aalbaalba5_s001869410581070.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001869410581070.1
Aalbaalba5_s001873990581750.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001873990581750.1
Aalbaalba5_s001907280586990.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001907280586990.1
Aalbaalba5_s001937980591750.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s001937980591750.1
Aalbaalba5_s002021140604240.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002021140604240.1
Aalbaalba5_s002022770604470.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002022770604470.1
Aalbaalba5_s002042370607100.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002042370607100.1
Aalbaalba5_s002089750614150.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002089750614150.1
Aalbaalba5_s002096540615000.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002096540615000.1
Aalbaalba5_s002121290618190.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002121290618190.1
Aalbaalba5_s002145520621760.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002145520621760.1
Aalbaalba5_s002171640625650.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002171640625650.1
Aalbaalba5_s002237530633890.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002237530633890.1
Aalbaalba5_s002245230634930.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002245230634930.1
Aalbaalba5_s002322980644660.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002322980644660.1
Aalbaalba5_s002381900651950.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002381900651950.1
Aalbaalba5_s002494050664990.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002494050664990.1
Aalbaalba5_s002509980666860.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002509980666860.1