PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Aalbaalba5_s002541080670410.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002541080670410.1
Aalbaalba5_s002550360671610.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002550360671610.1
Aalbaalba5_s002564020673100.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002564020673100.1
Aalbaalba5_s002574840674300.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002574840674300.1
Aalbaalba5_s002579660674940.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002579660674940.1
Aalbaalba5_s002607460677910.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002607460677910.1
Aalbaalba5_s002637410680870.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002637410680870.1
Aalbaalba5_s002702230687480.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002702230687480.1
Aalbaalba5_s002773470694490.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002773470694490.1
Aalbaalba5_s002804930697540.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002804930697540.1
Aalbaalba5_s002827690699830.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002827690699830.1
Aalbaalba5_s002887040705650.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002887040705650.1
Aalbaalba5_s002940010710130.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s002940010710130.1
Aalbaalba5_s003007020715860.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003007020715860.1
Aalbaalba5_s003009800716090.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003009800716090.1
Aalbaalba5_s003051910719810.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003051910719810.1
Aalbaalba5_s003063930720700.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003063930720700.1
Aalbaalba5_s003064550720770.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003064550720770.1
Aalbaalba5_s003127700725950.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003127700725950.1
Aalbaalba5_s003140240726900.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003140240726900.1
Aalbaalba5_s003156820728350.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003156820728350.1
Aalbaalba5_s003159950728600.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003159950728600.1
Aalbaalba5_s003160100728620.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003160100728620.1
Aalbaalba5_s003227580733640.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003227580733640.1
Aalbaalba5_s003467240750830.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003467240750830.1
Aalbaalba5_s003471990751160.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003471990751160.1
Aalbaalba5_s003507610753370.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003507610753370.1
Aalbaalba5_s003557960756430.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003557960756430.1
Aalbaalba5_s003596260758860.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003596260758860.1
Aalbaalba5_s003664180763030.1 abies_alba Aalbaalba5_s003664180763030.1