PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021742 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021742
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021743 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021743
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021745 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021745
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021748 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021748
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021750 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021750
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021755 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021755
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021789 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL021789
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022112 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022112
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022122 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022122
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022476 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022476
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022477 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022477
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022479 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022479
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022480 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022480
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022638 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022638
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022691 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022691
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022799 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022799
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022800 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022800
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022802 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022802
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022938 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022938
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022940 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022940
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022981 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL022981
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL023663 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL023663
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024024 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024024
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024025 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024025
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024099 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024099
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024137 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024137
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024139 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024139
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024422 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024422
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024423 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024423
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024568 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024568