PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024647 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024647
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024648 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024648
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024649 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024649
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024744 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024744
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024857 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL024857
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025001 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025001
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025094 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025094
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025096 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025096
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025099 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025099
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025140 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025140
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025141 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025141
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025325 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025325
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025326 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025326
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025328 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025328
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025329 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025329
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025571 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025571
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025657 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025657
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025700 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025700
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025838 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025838
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025843 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL025843
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026258 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026258
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026259 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026259
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026508 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026508
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026584 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026584
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026657 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026657
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026680 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026680
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026682 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026682
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026980 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL026980
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027011 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027011
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027012 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027012