PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027364 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027364
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027368 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027368
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027372 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027372
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027374 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027374
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027393 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027393
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027422 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027422
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027480 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027480
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027486 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027486
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027518 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027518
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027570 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027570
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027572 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027572
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027573 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027573
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027575 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027575
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027588 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL027588
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028118 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028118
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028349 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028349
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028530 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028530
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028746 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL028746
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029249 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029249
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029363 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029363
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029379 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029379
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029584 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029584
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029615 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL029615
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030203 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030203
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030206 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030206
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030660 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030660
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030705 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030705
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030935 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL030935
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL031229 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL031229
aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL031262 aconitum_vilmorinianum aconitum_vilmorinianum_GWHPBRAL031262