PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
C4H

C4H

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family C4H.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 759 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Triticum aestivum
Aegilops tauschii
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Flavonoid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 464 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Rosmarinic acid pathway 48992 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19153 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19153
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19154 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19154
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19467 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19467
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19526 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19526
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19588 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19588
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19953 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_19953
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_20173 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_20173
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_20398 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_20398
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_20646 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_20646
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_20814 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_20814
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21020 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21020
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21026 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21026
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21027 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21027
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21028 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21028
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21029 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21029
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21030 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21030
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21083 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21083
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21087 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21087
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21089 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21089
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21090 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21090
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21091 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21091
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21092 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21092
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21093 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21093
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21094 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21094
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21096 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21096
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21097 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21097
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21108 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21108
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21162 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21162
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21669 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21669
acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21670 acorus_gramineus acorus_gramineus_AGRA_21670