PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
alnus_rubra_ALNRU00062587-RA alnus_rubra alnus_rubra_ALNRU00062587-RA
alnus_rubra_ALNRU00062591-RA alnus_rubra alnus_rubra_ALNRU00062591-RA
alnus_rubra_ALNRU00103226-RA alnus_rubra alnus_rubra_ALNRU00103226-RA
alnus_rubra_ALNRU00113829-RA alnus_rubra alnus_rubra_ALNRU00113829-RA
alnus_rubra_ALNRU00127182-RA alnus_rubra alnus_rubra_ALNRU00127182-RA
alstonia_scholaris_tjs04771 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs04771
alstonia_scholaris_tjs09126 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs09126
alstonia_scholaris_tjs11033 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs11033
alstonia_scholaris_tjs12083 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs12083
alstonia_scholaris_tjs18324 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs18324
alstonia_scholaris_tjs19155 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs19155
alstonia_scholaris_tjs24456 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs24456
alstonia_scholaris_tjs32439 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs32439
alstonia_scholaris_tjs36984 alstonia_scholaris alstonia_scholaris_tjs36984
AcruScioBoG_102839_HRSCAF_1030930047780.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_102839_HRSCAF_1030930047780.1
AcruScioBoG_11560_HRSCAF_116090075670.2 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_11560_HRSCAF_116090075670.2
AcruScioBoG_52287_HRSCAF_524340220580.1 amaranthus_cruentus AcruScioBoG_52287_HRSCAF_524340220580.1
AMhypScaffold_150093990.1 amaranthus_hypochondriacus AMhypScaffold_150093990.1
AMhypScaffold_50173380.1 amaranthus_hypochondriacus AMhypScaffold_50173380.1
AMhypScaffold_70207460.1 amaranthus_hypochondriacus AMhypScaffold_70207460.1
AMhypScaffold_80213230.1 amaranthus_hypochondriacus AMhypScaffold_80213230.1
amaranthus_tricolor_g17896.t1 amaranthus_tricolor amaranthus_tricolor_g17896.t1
amaranthus_tricolor_g19857.t1 amaranthus_tricolor amaranthus_tricolor_g19857.t1
amaranthus_tricolor_g9390.t1 amaranthus_tricolor amaranthus_tricolor_g9390.t1
At.05g110060-v1.1.a1 amaranthus_tuberculatus At.05g110060-v1.1.a1
At.05g118560-v1.1.a1 amaranthus_tuberculatus At.05g118560-v1.1.a1
At.08g259320-v1.1.a1 amaranthus_tuberculatus At.08g259320-v1.1.a1
At.09g275030-v1.1.a1 amaranthus_tuberculatus At.09g275030-v1.1.a1
AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold000240079000.1 amborella_trichopoda AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold000240079000.1
AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold000240079010.1 amborella_trichopoda AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold000240079010.1