PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold000240079040.1 amborella_trichopoda AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold000240079040.1
AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold000320098550.1 amborella_trichopoda AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold000320098550.1
AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold001480237880.1 amborella_trichopoda AtriAmTr_v1.0_scaffold001480237880.1
AnanContig000440031270.1 ammopiptanthus_nanus AnanContig000440031270.1
AnanContig000680053990.1 ammopiptanthus_nanus AnanContig000680053990.1
AnanContig001150081040.1 ammopiptanthus_nanus AnanContig001150081040.1
AnanContig002360158220.1 ammopiptanthus_nanus AnanContig002360158220.1
AnanContig010530343120.1 ammopiptanthus_nanus AnanContig010530343120.1
AedgHiC_scaffold_100039890 amphicarpaea_edgeworthii AedgHiC_scaffold_100039890
AedgHiC_scaffold_10027010 amphicarpaea_edgeworthii AedgHiC_scaffold_10027010
AedgHiC_scaffold_10027020 amphicarpaea_edgeworthii AedgHiC_scaffold_10027020
AedgHiC_scaffold_20093640 amphicarpaea_edgeworthii AedgHiC_scaffold_20093640
AedgHiC_scaffold_30129220 amphicarpaea_edgeworthii AedgHiC_scaffold_30129220
AedgHiC_scaffold_80238760 amphicarpaea_edgeworthii AedgHiC_scaffold_80238760
Abra03G0006410.1 ananas_bracteatus Abra03G0006410.1
Abra04G0001560.1 ananas_bracteatus Abra04G0001560.1
Abra09G0002330.1 ananas_bracteatus Abra09G0002330.1
Abra23G0008650.1 ananas_bracteatus Abra23G0008650.1
Abra23G0008660.1 ananas_bracteatus Abra23G0008660.1
Abra25G0009610.1 ananas_bracteatus Abra25G0009610.1
Acom02G0005750.1 ananas_comosus Acom02G0005750.1
Acom03G0001440.1 ananas_comosus Acom03G0001440.1
Acom08G0002110.1 ananas_comosus Acom08G0002110.1
Acom22G0007660.1 ananas_comosus Acom22G0007660.1
Acom25G0004330.1 ananas_comosus Acom25G0004330.1
Acomscaffold_15250007750.1 ananas_comosus Acomscaffold_15250007750.1
Arupctg000626_np121212120019790 andreaea_rupestris Arupctg000626_np121212120019790
Arupctg000699_np121212120040350 andreaea_rupestris Arupctg000699_np121212120040350
Arupctg000699_np121212120040390 andreaea_rupestris Arupctg000699_np121212120040390
Arupctg000699_np121212120040480 andreaea_rupestris Arupctg000699_np121212120040480