PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
gossypium_bickii_Gbic_09G019510.1 gossypium_bickii gossypium_bickii_Gbic_09G019510.1
gossypium_bickii_Gbic_10G026770.1 gossypium_bickii gossypium_bickii_Gbic_10G026770.1
gossypium_bickii_Gbic_11G041430.1 gossypium_bickii gossypium_bickii_Gbic_11G041430.1
Gher01G0027280.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher01G0027280.1
Gher04G0014210.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher04G0014210.1
Gher04G0014220.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher04G0014220.1
Gher05G0041310.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher05G0041310.1
Gher06G0006210.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher06G0006210.1
Gher06G0009260.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher06G0009260.1
Gher09G0015460.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher09G0015460.1
Gher09G0019720.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher09G0019720.1
Gher10G0027400.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher10G0027400.1
Gher11G0037720.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher11G0037720.1
Gher11G0040460.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher11G0040460.1
Gher11G0044650.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher11G0044650.1
Gher13G0013320.1 gossypium_herbaceum Gher13G0013320.1
GhirA01G0023450.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirA01G0023450.1
GhirA04G0009820.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirA04G0009820.1
GhirA04G0009830.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirA04G0009830.1
GhirA06G0008330.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirA06G0008330.1
GhirA09G0016590.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirA09G0016590.1
GhirA10G0022560.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirA10G0022560.1
GhirA11G0031510.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirA11G0031510.1
GhirA11G0036440.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirA11G0036440.1
GhirA11G0036440.2 gossypium_hirsutum GhirA11G0036440.2
GhirD01G0025110.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirD01G0025110.1
GhirD04G0013670.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirD04G0013670.1
GhirD04G0013680.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirD04G0013680.1
GhirD06G0008590.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirD06G0008590.1
GhirD09G0016860.1 gossypium_hirsutum GhirD09G0016860.1