PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
gossypium_anomalum_Gano_01G026750.1 gossypium_anomalum gossypium_anomalum_Gano_01G026750.1
gossypium_anomalum_Gano_04G009440.1 gossypium_anomalum gossypium_anomalum_Gano_04G009440.1
gossypium_anomalum_Gano_04G009500.1 gossypium_anomalum gossypium_anomalum_Gano_04G009500.1
gossypium_anomalum_Gano_06G009040.1 gossypium_anomalum gossypium_anomalum_Gano_06G009040.1
gossypium_anomalum_Gano_09G010940.1 gossypium_anomalum gossypium_anomalum_Gano_09G010940.1
gossypium_anomalum_Gano_10G005940.1 gossypium_anomalum gossypium_anomalum_Gano_10G005940.1
gossypium_anomalum_Gano_11G041180.1 gossypium_anomalum gossypium_anomalum_Gano_11G041180.1
Garb01G0010450 gossypium_arboreum Garb01G0010450
Garb02G0012800 gossypium_arboreum Garb02G0012800
Garb03G0026610 gossypium_arboreum Garb03G0026610
Garb04G0021440 gossypium_arboreum Garb04G0021440
Garb04G0031750 gossypium_arboreum Garb04G0031750
Garb10G0037580 gossypium_arboreum Garb10G0037580
Garb12G0009070 gossypium_arboreum Garb12G0009070
GbarA01G0023160 gossypium_barbadense GbarA01G0023160
GbarA04G0009180 gossypium_barbadense GbarA04G0009180
GbarA06G0008140 gossypium_barbadense GbarA06G0008140
GbarA09G0016630 gossypium_barbadense GbarA09G0016630
GbarA10G0022580 gossypium_barbadense GbarA10G0022580
GbarA11G0037000 gossypium_barbadense GbarA11G0037000
GbarD01G0023950 gossypium_barbadense GbarD01G0023950
GbarD04G0012470 gossypium_barbadense GbarD04G0012470
GbarD04G0012480 gossypium_barbadense GbarD04G0012480
GbarD06G0007910 gossypium_barbadense GbarD06G0007910
GbarD09G0016080 gossypium_barbadense GbarD09G0016080
GbarD10G0023470 gossypium_barbadense GbarD10G0023470
GbarD11G0037280 gossypium_barbadense GbarD11G0037280
gossypium_bickii_Gbic_01G026500.1 gossypium_bickii gossypium_bickii_Gbic_01G026500.1
gossypium_bickii_Gbic_04G014130.1 gossypium_bickii gossypium_bickii_Gbic_04G014130.1
gossypium_bickii_Gbic_06G018740.1 gossypium_bickii gossypium_bickii_Gbic_06G018740.1