PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
GobtHiC_scaffold_50191080 grimmia_obtusifolia GobtHiC_scaffold_50191080
GobtHiC_scaffold_70220470 grimmia_obtusifolia GobtHiC_scaffold_70220470
GobtHiC_scaffold_70244360 grimmia_obtusifolia GobtHiC_scaffold_70244360
GobtHiC_scaffold_70244390 grimmia_obtusifolia GobtHiC_scaffold_70244390
GobtHiC_scaffold_70248010 grimmia_obtusifolia GobtHiC_scaffold_70248010
GobtHiC_scaffold_80256300 grimmia_obtusifolia GobtHiC_scaffold_80256300
GobtHiC_scaffold_80270000 grimmia_obtusifolia GobtHiC_scaffold_80270000
GangGan000038750004300.1 guadua_angustifolia GangGan000038750004300.1
gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00011484.mRNA1 gynandropsis_gynandra gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00011484.mRNA1
gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00016546.mRNA1 gynandropsis_gynandra gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00016546.mRNA1
gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00017752.mRNA1 gynandropsis_gynandra gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00017752.mRNA1
gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00026111.mRNA1 gynandropsis_gynandra gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00026111.mRNA1
gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00027032.mRNA1 gynandropsis_gynandra gynandropsis_gynandra_Gyn_10X_HIC_v5_00027032.mRNA1
gypsophila_paniculata_Gpan01g01331.m1 gypsophila_paniculata gypsophila_paniculata_Gpan01g01331.m1
gypsophila_paniculata_Gpan03g01145.m1 gypsophila_paniculata gypsophila_paniculata_Gpan03g01145.m1
gypsophila_paniculata_Gpan06g01079.m1 gypsophila_paniculata gypsophila_paniculata_Gpan06g01079.m1
gypsophila_paniculata_Gpan07g00720.m1 gypsophila_paniculata gypsophila_paniculata_Gpan07g00720.m1
haloxylon_ammodendron_SS12940.t1 haloxylon_ammodendron haloxylon_ammodendron_SS12940.t1
haloxylon_ammodendron_SS13048.t1 haloxylon_ammodendron haloxylon_ammodendron_SS13048.t1
haloxylon_ammodendron_SS14814.t1 haloxylon_ammodendron haloxylon_ammodendron_SS14814.t1
HimpHimp2_scaffold_106690007910.1 handroanthus_impetiginosus HimpHimp2_scaffold_106690007910.1
HimpHimp2_scaffold_106990008440.1 handroanthus_impetiginosus HimpHimp2_scaffold_106990008440.1
HimpHimp2_scaffold_128880031000.1 handroanthus_impetiginosus HimpHimp2_scaffold_128880031000.1
HimpHimp2_scaffold_1970072010.1 handroanthus_impetiginosus HimpHimp2_scaffold_1970072010.1
HimpHimp2_scaffold_6850244170.1 handroanthus_impetiginosus HimpHimp2_scaffold_6850244170.1
HimpHimp2_scaffold_72270254120.1 handroanthus_impetiginosus HimpHimp2_scaffold_72270254120.1
HimpHimp2_scaffold_98680301210.1 handroanthus_impetiginosus HimpHimp2_scaffold_98680301210.1
Haplomitrium10686410046730 haplomitrium Haplomitrium10686410046730
Haplomitrium10780230060000 haplomitrium Haplomitrium10780230060000
Haplomitrium10990400133560 haplomitrium Haplomitrium10990400133560