PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Mesp5376650078350 mesoptychia_sp Mesp5376650078350
Mesp6069110152860 mesoptychia_sp Mesp6069110152860
Mesp6085810159860 mesoptychia_sp Mesp6085810159860
Mesp6089710161470 mesoptychia_sp Mesp6089710161470
Mesp6202990212640 mesoptychia_sp Mesp6202990212640
Mesp6214110218690 mesoptychia_sp Mesp6214110218690
Mesp6225560225410 mesoptychia_sp Mesp6225560225410
Mesp6294310272230 mesoptychia_sp Mesp6294310272230
Mesp6298020274670 mesoptychia_sp Mesp6298020274670
MendS1640025910 mesotaenium_endlicherianum MendS1640025910
mesua_ferrea_Mesfe101S00238_MESFER mesua_ferrea mesua_ferrea_Mesfe101S00238_MESFER
mesua_ferrea_Mesfe61S28224_MESFER mesua_ferrea mesua_ferrea_Mesfe61S28224_MESFER
mesua_ferrea_Mesfe806S31404_MESFER mesua_ferrea mesua_ferrea_Mesfe806S31404_MESFER
Mhamcontig_1440066900 metzgeria_hamata Mhamcontig_1440066900
Mhamcontig_1540076760 metzgeria_hamata Mhamcontig_1540076760
Mhamcontig_420215750 metzgeria_hamata Mhamcontig_420215750
Mhamcontig_420215800 metzgeria_hamata Mhamcontig_420215800
Mpudscaffold13016_cov2620040490 mimosa_pudica Mpudscaffold13016_cov2620040490
Mpudscaffold145004_cov1620075540 mimosa_pudica Mpudscaffold145004_cov1620075540
Mpudscaffold1747_cov2220115150 mimosa_pudica Mpudscaffold1747_cov2220115150
Mpudscaffold1747_cov2220115190 mimosa_pudica Mpudscaffold1747_cov2220115190
Mpudscaffold6633_cov2420282500 mimosa_pudica Mpudscaffold6633_cov2420282500
Mpudscaffold66_cov2170284200 mimosa_pudica Mpudscaffold66_cov2170284200
Mpudscaffold6980_cov1910289950 mimosa_pudica Mpudscaffold6980_cov1910289950
Mgutscaffold_100015850.1 mimulus_guttatus Mgutscaffold_100015850.1
Mgutscaffold_120059390.1 mimulus_guttatus Mgutscaffold_120059390.1
Mgutscaffold_60204850.1 mimulus_guttatus Mgutscaffold_60204850.1
Mlutescaffold_14570083270.1 mimulus_luteus Mlutescaffold_14570083270.1
Mlutescaffold_15890102730.1 mimulus_luteus Mlutescaffold_15890102730.1
Mlutescaffold_17190120490.1 mimulus_luteus Mlutescaffold_17190120490.1