PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Aaltescaffold_90523810 archidium_alternifolium Aaltescaffold_90523810
arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000004l.g1289.t1 arctium_lappa arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000004l.g1289.t1
arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000004l.g1291.t1 arctium_lappa arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000004l.g1291.t1
arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000005l.g3570.t1 arctium_lappa arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000005l.g3570.t1
arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000009l.g2267.t1 arctium_lappa arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000009l.g2267.t1
arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000011l.g3390.t1 arctium_lappa arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000011l.g3390.t1
arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000011l.g3392.t1 arctium_lappa arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000011l.g3392.t1
arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000019l.g2828.t1 arctium_lappa arctium_lappa_Alap.ptg000019l.g2828.t1
Acat05G0000300 areca_catechu Acat05G0000300
Acat11G0006950 areca_catechu Acat11G0006950
Acat11G0006960 areca_catechu Acat11G0006960
Acat12G0000370 areca_catechu Acat12G0000370
argentina_anserina_Poanv1_11G01248.1 argentina_anserina argentina_anserina_Poanv1_11G01248.1
argentina_anserina_Poanv1_11G01249.1 argentina_anserina argentina_anserina_Poanv1_11G01249.1
argentina_anserina_Poanv1_11G01273.1 argentina_anserina argentina_anserina_Poanv1_11G01273.1
argentina_anserina_Poanv1_11G01274.1 argentina_anserina argentina_anserina_Poanv1_11G01274.1
argentina_anserina_Poanv1_12G02985.1 argentina_anserina argentina_anserina_Poanv1_12G02985.1
argentina_anserina_Poanv1_13G01489.1 argentina_anserina argentina_anserina_Poanv1_13G01489.1
argentina_anserina_Poanv1_14G01234.1 argentina_anserina argentina_anserina_Poanv1_14G01234.1
EVM0004374.mRNA1 aristolochia_contorta EVM0004374.mRNA1
EVM0011431.mRNA1 aristolochia_contorta EVM0011431.mRNA1
EVM0012299.mRNA1 aristolochia_contorta EVM0012299.mRNA1
EVM0017368.mRNA1 aristolochia_contorta EVM0017368.mRNA1
armoracia_rusticana_Arr11674 armoracia_rusticana armoracia_rusticana_Arr11674
armoracia_rusticana_Arr12335 armoracia_rusticana armoracia_rusticana_Arr12335
armoracia_rusticana_Arr14136 armoracia_rusticana armoracia_rusticana_Arr14136
armoracia_rusticana_Arr16603 armoracia_rusticana armoracia_rusticana_Arr16603
armoracia_rusticana_Arr20730 armoracia_rusticana armoracia_rusticana_Arr20730
armoracia_rusticana_Arr30215 armoracia_rusticana armoracia_rusticana_Arr30215
armoracia_rusticana_Arr40147 armoracia_rusticana armoracia_rusticana_Arr40147