PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
BnigB4G0002480.1 brassica_nigra BnigB4G0002480.1
BnigB4G0007690.1 brassica_nigra BnigB4G0007690.1
BnigB4G0007700.1 brassica_nigra BnigB4G0007700.1
BnigB4G0038920.1 brassica_nigra BnigB4G0038920.1
BnigB4G0047090.1 brassica_nigra BnigB4G0047090.1
BnigB5G0005440.1 brassica_nigra BnigB5G0005440.1
BnigB5G0041710.1 brassica_nigra BnigB5G0041710.1
Bnigscaffold_67.10059990.1 brassica_nigra Bnigscaffold_67.10059990.1
Bo00703s080.1 brassica_oleracea Bo00703s080.1
Bo03123s010.1 brassica_oleracea Bo03123s010.1
Bo2g005490.1 brassica_oleracea Bo2g005490.1
Bo4g030910.1 brassica_oleracea Bo4g030910.1
Bo4g145690.1 brassica_oleracea Bo4g145690.1
Bo4g186590.1 brassica_oleracea Bo4g186590.1
Bo5g137560.1 brassica_oleracea Bo5g137560.1
Bo5g137600.1 brassica_oleracea Bo5g137600.1
Bo6g067250.1 brassica_oleracea Bo6g067250.1
Bo8g082620.1 brassica_oleracea Bo8g082620.1
Bra003126.1-P brassica_rapa Bra003126.1-P
Bra005221.1-P brassica_rapa Bra005221.1-P
Bra006985.1-P brassica_rapa Bra006985.1-P
Bra017210.1-P brassica_rapa Bra017210.1-P
Bra025673.1-P brassica_rapa Bra025673.1-P
Bra028793.1-P brassica_rapa Bra028793.1-P
Bra029831.1-P brassica_rapa Bra029831.1-P
Bra030322.1-P brassica_rapa Bra030322.1-P
Bra039777.1-P brassica_rapa Bra039777.1-P
bretschneidera_sinensis_BsiG0007045.1 bretschneidera_sinensis bretschneidera_sinensis_BsiG0007045.1
bretschneidera_sinensis_BsiG0010570.1 bretschneidera_sinensis bretschneidera_sinensis_BsiG0010570.1
bretschneidera_sinensis_BsiG0011966.1 bretschneidera_sinensis bretschneidera_sinensis_BsiG0011966.1