PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX031120.1 cenchrus_fungigraminus cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX031120.1
cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX031121.1 cenchrus_fungigraminus cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX031121.1
cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX040501.1 cenchrus_fungigraminus cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX040501.1
cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX040502.1 cenchrus_fungigraminus cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX040502.1
cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX040504.1 cenchrus_fungigraminus cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX040504.1
cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX040507.1 cenchrus_fungigraminus cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX040507.1
cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX063308.1 cenchrus_fungigraminus cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX063308.1
cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX065826.1 cenchrus_fungigraminus cenchrus_fungigraminus_GWHPBWDX065826.1
PenpuA10018972.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuA10018972.g
PenpuA30055652.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuA30055652.g
PenpuA30055653.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuA30055653.g
PenpuA30056665.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuA30056665.g
PenpuA30056666.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuA30056666.g
PenpuA30056667.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuA30056667.g
PenpuB10011264.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuB10011264.g
PenpuB20051599.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuB20051599.g
PenpuB30075139.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuB30075139.g
PenpuB30075144.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuB30075144.g
PenpuB40072567.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuB40072567.g
PenpuB40072568.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuB40072568.g
PenpuB50031648.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuB50031648.g
PenpuScaffoldUN0063427.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuScaffoldUN0063427.g
PenpuScaffoldUN0063434.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuScaffoldUN0063434.g
PenpuScaffoldUN0063681.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuScaffoldUN0063681.g
PenpuScaffoldUN0063687.g cenchrus_purpureus PenpuScaffoldUN0063687.g
centella_asiatica_evm.model.Scaffold_1.4439 centella_asiatica centella_asiatica_evm.model.Scaffold_1.4439
centella_asiatica_evm.model.Scaffold_3.2374 centella_asiatica centella_asiatica_evm.model.Scaffold_3.2374
centella_asiatica_evm.model.Scaffold_4.1430 centella_asiatica centella_asiatica_evm.model.Scaffold_4.1430
centella_asiatica_evm.model.Scaffold_9.373 centella_asiatica centella_asiatica_evm.model.Scaffold_9.373
Cfolscaffold2590143090 cephalotus_follicularis Cfolscaffold2590143090