PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Ccanascaffold1329|size197580036420 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold1329|size197580036420
Ccanascaffold1467|size327630048870 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold1467|size327630048870
Ccanascaffold24|size12864290122910 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold24|size12864290122910
Ccanascaffold27|size12034660139010 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold27|size12034660139010
Ccanascaffold289|size2888600142260 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold289|size2888600142260
Ccanascaffold34|size10751870176980 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold34|size10751870176980
Ccanascaffold375|size2556370186200 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold375|size2556370186200
Ccanascaffold438|size1953010212850 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold438|size1953010212850
Ccanascaffold828|size917120309170 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold828|size917120309170
Ccanascaffold870|size625330315740 cercis_canadensis Ccanascaffold870|size625330315740
cercis_chinensis_GWHPBHAK005991 cercis_chinensis cercis_chinensis_GWHPBHAK005991
cercis_chinensis_GWHPBHAK007931 cercis_chinensis cercis_chinensis_GWHPBHAK007931
cercis_chinensis_GWHPBHAK022742 cercis_chinensis cercis_chinensis_GWHPBHAK022742
cercis_chinensis_GWHPBHAK025880 cercis_chinensis cercis_chinensis_GWHPBHAK025880
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_15_RagTag.1041 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_15_RagTag.1041
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_18_RagTag.486 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_18_RagTag.486
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_18_RagTag.490 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_18_RagTag.490
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_3_RagTag.657 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_3_RagTag.657
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_5_RagTag.1368 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_5_RagTag.1368
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_5_RagTag.530 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_5_RagTag.530
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_5_RagTag.712 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_5_RagTag.712
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_8_RagTag.1190 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_8_RagTag.1190
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_9_RagTag.1444 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.Scaffold_9_RagTag.1444
ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.contig_143527.1 ceriops_zippeliana ceriops_zippeliana_evm.model.contig_143527.1
Cfasscaffold1560_cov1850052440 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold1560_cov1850052440
Cfasscaffold1645_cov2270061290 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold1645_cov2270061290
Cfasscaffold2520_cov1880111640 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold2520_cov1880111640
Cfasscaffold3108_cov1860134900 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold3108_cov1860134900
Cfasscaffold3233_cov1990139860 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold3233_cov1990139860
Cfasscaffold3831_cov2400158980 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold3831_cov2400158980