PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
Cfasscaffold52756_cov2060196820 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold52756_cov2060196820
Cfasscaffold95058_cov2170283380 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold95058_cov2170283380
Cfasscaffold95279_cov2010296120 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold95279_cov2010296120
Cfasscaffold95377_cov2140299220 chamaecrista_fasciculata Cfasscaffold95377_cov2140299220
GBG82247 chara_braunii GBG82247
GBG92888 chara_braunii GBG92888
Cf007850.mRNA1 chenopodium_giganteum Cf007850.mRNA1
Cf017535.mRNA1 chenopodium_giganteum Cf017535.mRNA1
Cf037367.mRNA1 chenopodium_giganteum Cf037367.mRNA1
Cf073545.mRNA1 chenopodium_giganteum Cf073545.mRNA1
Cf075297.mRNA1 chenopodium_giganteum Cf075297.mRNA1
CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_11250023020.1 chenopodium_quinoa CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_11250023020.1
CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_13730061800.1 chenopodium_quinoa CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_13730061800.1
CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_15290080090.1 chenopodium_quinoa CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_15290080090.1
CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_15940088440.1 chenopodium_quinoa CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_15940088440.1
CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_16110092230.1 chenopodium_quinoa CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_16110092230.1
CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_22300186920.1 chenopodium_quinoa CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_22300186920.1
CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_23700197610.1 chenopodium_quinoa CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_23700197610.1
CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_32930305610.1 chenopodium_quinoa CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_32930305610.1
CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_42440416230.1 chenopodium_quinoa CquiC_Quinoa_Scaffold_42440416230.1
Calb1248250004790.1 chiococca_alba Calb1248250004790.1
Calb1540015350.1 chiococca_alba Calb1540015350.1
Calb1870035960.1 chiococca_alba Calb1870035960.1
Calb1940081770.1 chiococca_alba Calb1940081770.1
Calb1940081780.1 chiococca_alba Calb1940081780.1
Calb2650156610.1 chiococca_alba Calb2650156610.1
Calb5450263530.1 chiococca_alba Calb5450263530.1
Calb5450263540.1 chiococca_alba Calb5450263540.1
Calb708290296920.1 chiococca_alba Calb708290296920.1
Crei02G0013140.1 chlamydomonas_reinhardtii Crei02G0013140.1