PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
CsetCse_sc003492.10270560 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc003492.10270560
CsetCse_sc004113.10305620 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc004113.10305620
CsetCse_sc006351.10416740 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc006351.10416740
CsetCse_sc011444.10622440 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc011444.10622440
CsetCse_sc016600.10782440 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc016600.10782440
CsetCse_sc018841.10842570 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc018841.10842570
CsetCse_sc021070.10896890 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc021070.10896890
CsetCse_sc024299.10967530 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc024299.10967530
CsetCse_sc026086.11002910 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc026086.11002910
CsetCse_sc026530.11012090 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc026530.11012090
CsetCse_sc031638.11101860 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc031638.11101860
CsetCse_sc032392.11113660 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc032392.11113660
CsetCse_sc042870.11244430 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc042870.11244430
CsetCse_sc052689.11326520 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc052689.11326520
CsetCse_sc095199.11462270 chrysanthemum_seticuspe CsetCse_sc095199.11462270
Cari02G0022050.1 cicer_arietinum Cari02G0022050.1
Cari03G0005900.1 cicer_arietinum Cari03G0005900.1
Cari03G0020180.1 cicer_arietinum Cari03G0020180.1
Cari04G0009800.1 cicer_arietinum Cari04G0009800.1
Cari04G0019000.1 cicer_arietinum Cari04G0019000.1
Cr_03430.1|Cr_LG_2:4415020-4417462|plus| cicer_reticulatum Cr_03430.1|Cr_LG_2:4415020-4417462|plus|
Cr_06190.1|Cr_LG_3:12984859-12986279|plus| cicer_reticulatum Cr_06190.1|Cr_LG_3:12984859-12986279|plus|
Cr_07722.1|Cr_LG_3:39641674-39645524|plus| cicer_reticulatum Cr_07722.1|Cr_LG_3:39641674-39645524|plus|
Cr_09123.1|Cr_LG_4:18647365-18649038|minus| cicer_reticulatum Cr_09123.1|Cr_LG_4:18647365-18649038|minus|
Cr_09124.1|Cr_LG_4:18652614-18653024|minus| cicer_reticulatum Cr_09124.1|Cr_LG_4:18652614-18653024|minus|
Cr_10517.1|Cr_LG_4:36401653-36405345|plus| cicer_reticulatum Cr_10517.1|Cr_LG_4:36401653-36405345|plus|
cinchona_pubescens_g17174.t1 cinchona_pubescens cinchona_pubescens_g17174.t1
cinchona_pubescens_g18059.t1 cinchona_pubescens cinchona_pubescens_g18059.t1
cinchona_pubescens_g19639.t1 cinchona_pubescens cinchona_pubescens_g19639.t1
cinchona_pubescens_g20725.t1 cinchona_pubescens cinchona_pubescens_g20725.t1