PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ053662.1 citrus_limon citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ053662.1
citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ055560.1 citrus_limon citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ055560.1
citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ055806.1 citrus_limon citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ055806.1
citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ055977.1 citrus_limon citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ055977.1
citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ060794.1 citrus_limon citrus_limon_GWHPCBFQ060794.1
Cmedscaffold_1050007250.1 citrus_medica Cmedscaffold_1050007250.1
Cmedscaffold_2610126770.1 citrus_medica Cmedscaffold_2610126770.1
Cmedscaffold_870308870.1 citrus_medica Cmedscaffold_870308870.1
Cmedscaffold_870308880.1 citrus_medica Cmedscaffold_870308880.1
Cmedscaffold_870308890.1 citrus_medica Cmedscaffold_870308890.1
Cmedscaffold_900314520.1 citrus_medica Cmedscaffold_900314520.1
Cretscaffold181_cov890027550.1 citrus_reticulata Cretscaffold181_cov890027550.1
Cretscaffold181_cov890027570.1 citrus_reticulata Cretscaffold181_cov890027570.1
Cretscaffold193_cov740030830.1 citrus_reticulata Cretscaffold193_cov740030830.1
Cretscaffold426_cov900078990.1 citrus_reticulata Cretscaffold426_cov900078990.1
Cretscaffold514_cov870102070.1 citrus_reticulata Cretscaffold514_cov870102070.1
Cretscaffold8029_cov540122100.1 citrus_reticulata Cretscaffold8029_cov540122100.1
Cretscaffold8029_cov540122100.2 citrus_reticulata Cretscaffold8029_cov540122100.2
Cretscaffold85945_cov710201390.1 citrus_reticulata Cretscaffold85945_cov710201390.1
Cretscaffold85999_cov800223620.1 citrus_reticulata Cretscaffold85999_cov800223620.1
Csinscaffold000840130670.1 citrus_sinensis Csinscaffold000840130670.1
Csinscaffold002010164680.1 citrus_sinensis Csinscaffold002010164680.1
Csinscaffold002010164690.1 citrus_sinensis Csinscaffold002010164690.1
Csinscaffold003490186470.1 citrus_sinensis Csinscaffold003490186470.1
Csinscaffold019400225290.1 citrus_sinensis Csinscaffold019400225290.1
Csinscaffold048800237080.1 citrus_sinensis Csinscaffold048800237080.1
Csinscaffold084900245570.1 citrus_sinensis Csinscaffold084900245570.1
CLchi01G0001600.1 cladopus_chinensis CLchi01G0001600.1
CLchi05G0004820.1 cladopus_chinensis CLchi05G0004820.1
CLchi10G0000560.1 cladopus_chinensis CLchi10G0000560.1