PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
CcamCcam0.32_scaffold440313110.1 cuscuta_campestris CcamCcam0.32_scaffold440313110.1
CcamCcam0.32_scaffold4480318470.1 cuscuta_campestris CcamCcam0.32_scaffold4480318470.1
CcamCcam0.32_scaffold480330120.1 cuscuta_campestris CcamCcam0.32_scaffold480330120.1
CcamCcam0.32_scaffold50341080.1 cuscuta_campestris CcamCcam0.32_scaffold50341080.1
CcamCcam0.32_scaffold510346380.1 cuscuta_campestris CcamCcam0.32_scaffold510346380.1
CcamCcam0.32_scaffold660390460.1 cuscuta_campestris CcamCcam0.32_scaffold660390460.1
Ccavscaffold_150048330 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_150048330
Ccavscaffold_220066130 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_220066130
Ccavscaffold_350088520 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_350088520
Ccavscaffold_440110580 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_440110580
Ccavscaffold_640163850 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_640163850
Ccavscaffold_640163880 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_640163880
Ccavscaffold_640163900 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_640163900
Ccavscaffold_640163940 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_640163940
Ccavscaffold_880249630 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_880249630
Ccavscaffold_880249660 cyathodium_cavernarum Ccavscaffold_880249660
cymbidium_goeringii_g4548 cymbidium_goeringii cymbidium_goeringii_g4548
cymbidium_goeringii_g54046 cymbidium_goeringii cymbidium_goeringii_g54046
cymbidium_goeringii_gene_1589 cymbidium_goeringii cymbidium_goeringii_gene_1589
cymbidium_goeringii_gene_1590 cymbidium_goeringii cymbidium_goeringii_gene_1590
cymbidium_goeringii_gene_229 cymbidium_goeringii cymbidium_goeringii_gene_229
cymbidium_goeringii_gene_592 cymbidium_goeringii cymbidium_goeringii_gene_592
cymbidium_goeringii_gene_6647 cymbidium_goeringii cymbidium_goeringii_gene_6647
Ccarscaffold_21320087370.1 cynara_cardunculus Ccarscaffold_21320087370.1
Ccarscaffold_240099870.1 cynara_cardunculus Ccarscaffold_240099870.1
Ccarscaffold_3490144420.1 cynara_cardunculus Ccarscaffold_3490144420.1
Ccarscaffold_52470191320.1 cynara_cardunculus Ccarscaffold_52470191320.1
Ccarscaffold_54420195310.1 cynara_cardunculus Ccarscaffold_54420195310.1
cyperus_esculentus_CESC_05095 cyperus_esculentus cyperus_esculentus_CESC_05095
cyperus_esculentus_CESC_10139 cyperus_esculentus cyperus_esculentus_CESC_10139